Calculate z-scores
Examples
s <- rnorm(30,1,1.4)
z.scores(s)
#> [1] 0.52061671 -0.30440241 -0.08197321 -0.68957967 1.87283299 0.34404823
#> [7] 0.24489046 -1.62425342 0.66213893 -0.97455923 -0.84612325 0.91351307
#> [13] -0.41948027 -1.67919505 1.74144384 -2.29077303 0.57757240 1.00967629
#> [19] -0.59280030 0.45261467 0.44760111 1.03240154 0.49132215 -0.21743063
#> [25] 0.91122914 0.79906113 -0.88992057 -1.34125621 0.17648685 -0.24570225
air_data <- datasets::airquality
mapply(z.scores,air_data)
#> Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
#> [1,] NA NA -0.72594816 -1.14971398 -1.40729432 -1.67001947
#> [2,] NA NA -0.55563883 -0.62146702 -1.40729432 -1.55721020
#> [3,] NA NA 0.75006604 -0.41016823 -1.40729432 -1.44440094
#> [4,] NA NA 0.43783226 -1.67796094 -1.40729432 -1.33159168
#> [5,] NA NA 1.23260914 -2.31185730 -1.40729432 -1.21878242
#> [6,] NA NA 1.40291847 -1.25536337 -1.40729432 -1.10597316
#> [7,] NA NA -0.38532950 -1.36101276 -1.40729432 -0.99316389
#> [8,] NA NA 1.09068470 -1.99490912 -1.40729432 -0.88035463
#> [9,] NA NA 2.87893266 -1.78361034 -1.40729432 -0.76754537
#> [10,] NA NA -0.38532950 -0.93841519 -1.40729432 -0.65473611
#> [11,] NA NA -0.86787260 -0.41016823 -1.40729432 -0.54192685
#> [12,] NA NA -0.07309573 -0.93841519 -1.40729432 -0.42911758
#> [13,] NA NA -0.21502017 -1.25536337 -1.40729432 -0.31630832
#> [14,] NA NA 0.26752293 -1.04406459 -1.40729432 -0.20349906
#> [15,] NA NA 0.92037537 -2.10055851 -1.40729432 -0.09068980
#> [16,] NA NA 0.43783226 -1.46666216 -1.40729432 0.02211946
#> [17,] NA NA 0.57975671 -1.25536337 -1.40729432 0.13492873
#> [18,] NA NA 2.39638956 -2.20620791 -1.40729432 0.24773799
#> [19,] NA NA 0.43783226 -1.04406459 -1.40729432 0.36054725
#> [20,] NA NA -0.07309573 -1.67796094 -1.40729432 0.47335651
#> [21,] NA NA -0.07309573 -1.99490912 -1.40729432 0.58616577
#> [22,] NA NA 1.88546157 -0.51581762 -1.40729432 0.69897503
#> [23,] NA NA -0.07309573 -1.78361034 -1.40729432 0.81178430
#> [24,] NA NA 0.57975671 -1.78361034 -1.40729432 0.92459356
#> [25,] NA NA 1.88546157 -2.20620791 -1.40729432 1.03740282
#> [26,] NA NA 1.40291847 -2.10055851 -1.40729432 1.15021208
#> [27,] NA NA -0.55563883 -2.20620791 -1.40729432 1.26302134
#> [28,] NA NA 0.57975671 -1.14971398 -1.40729432 1.37583061
#> [29,] NA NA 1.40291847 0.32937752 -1.40729432 1.48863987
#> [30,] NA NA -1.20849126 0.11807873 -1.40729432 1.60144913
#> [31,] NA NA -0.72594816 -0.19886945 -1.40729432 1.71425839
#> [32,] NA NA -0.38532950 0.01242934 -0.70134012 -1.67001947
#> [33,] NA NA -0.07309573 -0.41016823 -0.70134012 -1.55721020
#> [34,] NA NA 1.74353713 -1.14971398 -0.70134012 -1.44440094
#> [35,] NA NA -0.21502017 0.64632570 -0.70134012 -1.33159168
#> [36,] NA NA -0.38532950 0.75197509 -0.70134012 -1.21878242
#> [37,] NA NA 1.23260914 0.11807873 -0.70134012 -1.10597316
#> [38,] NA NA -0.07309573 0.43502691 -0.70134012 -0.99316389
#> [39,] NA NA -0.86787260 0.96327387 -0.70134012 -0.88035463
#> [40,] NA NA 1.09068470 1.28022205 -0.70134012 -0.76754537
#> [41,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.96327387 -0.70134012 -0.65473611
#> [42,] NA NA 0.26752293 1.59717023 -0.70134012 -0.54192685
#> [43,] NA NA -0.21502017 1.49152084 -0.70134012 -0.42911758
#> [44,] NA NA -0.55563883 0.43502691 -0.70134012 -0.31630832
#> [45,] NA NA 1.09068470 0.22372813 -0.70134012 -0.20349906
#> [46,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.11807873 -0.70134012 -0.09068980
#> [47,] NA NA 1.40291847 -0.09322005 -0.70134012 0.02211946
#> [48,] NA NA 3.04924199 -0.62146702 -0.70134012 0.13492873
#> [49,] NA NA -0.21502017 -1.36101276 -0.70134012 0.24773799
#> [50,] NA NA 0.43783226 -0.51581762 -0.70134012 0.36054725
#> [51,] NA NA 0.09721360 -0.19886945 -0.70134012 0.47335651
#> [52,] NA NA -1.03818193 -0.09322005 -0.70134012 0.58616577
#> [53,] NA NA -2.34388679 -0.19886945 -0.70134012 0.69897503
#> [54,] NA NA -1.52072503 -0.19886945 -0.70134012 0.81178430
#> [55,] NA NA -1.03818193 -0.19886945 -0.70134012 0.92459356
#> [56,] NA NA -0.55563883 -0.30451884 -0.70134012 1.03740282
#> [57,] NA NA -0.55563883 0.01242934 -0.70134012 1.15021208
#> [58,] NA NA 0.09721360 -0.51581762 -0.70134012 1.26302134
#> [59,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.22372813 -0.70134012 1.37583061
#> [60,] NA NA 1.40291847 -0.09322005 -0.70134012 1.48863987
#> [61,] NA NA -0.55563883 0.54067630 -0.70134012 1.60144913
#> [62,] NA NA -1.66264947 0.64632570 0.00461408 -1.67001947
#> [63,] NA NA -0.21502017 0.75197509 0.00461408 -1.55721020
#> [64,] NA NA -0.21502017 0.32937752 0.00461408 -1.44440094
#> [65,] NA NA 0.26752293 0.64632570 0.00461408 -1.33159168
#> [66,] NA NA -1.52072503 0.54067630 0.00461408 -1.21878242
#> [67,] NA NA 0.26752293 0.54067630 0.00461408 -1.10597316
#> [68,] NA NA -1.37880059 1.06892327 0.00461408 -0.99316389
#> [69,] NA NA -1.03818193 1.49152084 0.00461408 -0.88035463
#> [70,] NA NA -1.20849126 1.49152084 0.00461408 -0.76754537
#> [71,] NA NA -0.72594816 1.17457266 0.00461408 -0.65473611
#> [72,] NA NA -0.38532950 0.43502691 0.00461408 -0.54192685
#> [73,] NA NA 1.23260914 -0.51581762 0.00461408 -0.42911758
#> [74,] NA NA 1.40291847 0.32937752 0.00461408 -0.31630832
#> [75,] NA NA 1.40291847 1.38587145 0.00461408 -0.20349906
#> [76,] NA NA 1.23260914 0.22372813 0.00461408 -0.09068980
#> [77,] NA NA -0.86787260 0.32937752 0.00461408 0.02211946
#> [78,] NA NA 0.09721360 0.43502691 0.00461408 0.13492873
#> [79,] NA NA -1.03818193 0.64632570 0.00461408 0.24773799
#> [80,] NA NA -1.37880059 0.96327387 0.00461408 0.36054725
#> [81,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.75197509 0.00461408 0.47335651
#> [82,] NA NA -0.86787260 -0.41016823 0.00461408 0.58616577
#> [83,] NA NA -0.07309573 0.32937752 0.00461408 0.69897503
#> [84,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.43502691 0.00461408 0.81178430
#> [85,] NA NA -0.38532950 0.85762448 0.00461408 0.92459356
#> [86,] NA NA -0.55563883 0.75197509 0.00461408 1.03740282
#> [87,] NA NA -0.38532950 0.43502691 0.00461408 1.15021208
#> [88,] NA NA 0.57975671 0.85762448 0.00461408 1.26302134
#> [89,] NA NA -0.72594816 1.06892327 0.00461408 1.37583061
#> [90,] NA NA -0.72594816 0.85762448 0.00461408 1.48863987
#> [91,] NA NA -0.72594816 0.54067630 0.00461408 1.60144913
#> [92,] NA NA -0.21502017 0.32937752 0.00461408 1.71425839
#> [93,] NA NA -0.86787260 0.32937752 0.71056828 -1.67001947
#> [94,] NA NA 1.09068470 0.32937752 0.71056828 -1.55721020
#> [95,] NA NA -0.72594816 0.43502691 0.71056828 -1.44440094
#> [96,] NA NA -0.86787260 0.85762448 0.71056828 -1.33159168
#> [97,] NA NA -0.72594816 0.75197509 0.71056828 -1.21878242
#> [98,] NA NA -1.52072503 0.96327387 0.71056828 -1.10597316
#> [99,] NA NA -1.69103436 1.17457266 0.71056828 -0.99316389
#> [100,] NA NA 0.09721360 1.28022205 0.71056828 -0.88035463
#> [101,] NA NA -0.55563883 1.28022205 0.71056828 -0.76754537
#> [102,] NA NA -0.38532950 1.49152084 0.71056828 -0.65473611
#> [103,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.85762448 0.71056828 -0.54192685
#> [104,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.85762448 0.71056828 -0.42911758
#> [105,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.43502691 0.71056828 -0.31630832
#> [106,] NA NA -0.07309573 0.22372813 0.71056828 -0.20349906
#> [107,] NA NA 0.43783226 0.11807873 0.71056828 -0.09068980
#> [108,] NA NA 0.09721360 -0.09322005 0.71056828 0.02211946
#> [109,] NA NA -1.03818193 0.11807873 0.71056828 0.13492873
#> [110,] NA NA -0.72594816 -0.19886945 0.71056828 0.24773799
#> [111,] NA NA 0.26752293 0.01242934 0.71056828 0.36054725
#> [112,] NA NA 0.09721360 0.01242934 0.71056828 0.47335651
#> [113,] NA NA 1.57322780 -0.09322005 0.71056828 0.58616577
#> [114,] NA NA 1.23260914 -0.62146702 0.71056828 0.69897503
#> [115,] NA NA 0.75006604 -0.30451884 0.71056828 0.81178430
#> [116,] NA NA -0.07309573 0.11807873 0.71056828 0.92459356
#> [117,] NA NA -1.86134369 0.32937752 0.71056828 1.03740282
#> [118,] NA NA -0.55563883 0.85762448 0.71056828 1.15021208
#> [119,] NA NA -1.20849126 1.06892327 0.71056828 1.26302134
#> [120,] NA NA -0.07309573 2.01976780 0.71056828 1.37583061
#> [121,] NA NA -2.17357746 1.70281962 0.71056828 1.48863987
#> [122,] NA NA -1.03818193 1.91411841 0.71056828 1.60144913
#> [123,] NA NA -1.03818193 1.70281962 0.71056828 1.71425839
#> [124,] NA NA -0.86787260 1.38587145 1.41652248 -1.67001947
#> [125,] NA NA -1.37880059 1.49152084 1.41652248 -1.55721020
#> [126,] NA NA -2.03165302 1.59717023 1.41652248 -1.44440094
#> [127,] NA NA -1.52072503 1.59717023 1.41652248 -1.33159168
#> [128,] NA NA -0.72594816 0.96327387 1.41652248 -1.21878242
#> [129,] NA NA 1.57322780 0.64632570 1.41652248 -1.10597316
#> [130,] NA NA 0.26752293 0.22372813 1.41652248 -0.99316389
#> [131,] NA NA 0.09721360 0.01242934 1.41652248 -0.88035463
#> [132,] NA NA 0.26752293 -0.30451884 1.41652248 -0.76754537
#> [133,] NA NA -0.07309573 -0.51581762 1.41652248 -0.65473611
#> [134,] NA NA 1.40291847 0.32937752 1.41652248 -0.54192685
#> [135,] NA NA 1.57322780 -0.19886945 1.41652248 -0.42911758
#> [136,] NA NA -1.03818193 -0.09322005 1.41652248 -0.31630832
#> [137,] NA NA 0.26752293 -0.72711641 1.41652248 -0.20349906
#> [138,] NA NA 0.43783226 -0.72711641 1.41652248 -0.09068980
#> [139,] NA NA -0.86787260 0.01242934 1.41652248 0.02211946
#> [140,] NA NA 1.09068470 -1.14971398 1.41652248 0.13492873
#> [141,] NA NA 0.09721360 -0.19886945 1.41652248 0.24773799
#> [142,] NA NA 0.09721360 -1.04406459 1.41652248 0.36054725
#> [143,] NA NA -0.55563883 0.43502691 1.41652248 0.47335651
#> [144,] NA NA 0.75006604 -1.46666216 1.41652248 0.58616577
#> [145,] NA NA -0.21502017 -0.72711641 1.41652248 0.69897503
#> [146,] NA NA 0.09721360 0.32937752 1.41652248 0.81178430
#> [147,] NA NA 0.09721360 -0.93841519 1.41652248 0.92459356
#> [148,] NA NA 1.88546157 -1.57231155 1.41652248 1.03740282
#> [149,] NA NA -0.86787260 -0.83276580 1.41652248 1.15021208
#> [150,] NA NA 0.92037537 -0.09322005 1.41652248 1.26302134
#> [151,] NA NA 1.23260914 -0.30451884 1.41652248 1.37583061
#> [152,] NA NA -0.55563883 -0.19886945 1.41652248 1.48863987
#> [153,] NA NA 0.43783226 -1.04406459 1.41652248 1.60144913